BrineCo2Pvt.hpp

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
  This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
 
  OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
  (at your option) any later version.
 
  OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  GNU General Public License for more details.
 
  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  along with OPM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
  Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
  module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
  copyright holders.
*/
#ifndef OPM_BRINE_CO2_PVT_HPP
#define OPM_BRINE_CO2_PVT_HPP
 
#include <opm/common/Exceptions.hpp>
#include <opm/common/TimingMacros.hpp>
#include <opm/common/ErrorMacros.hpp>
#include <opm/common/utility/gpuDecorators.hpp>
#include <opm/common/utility/gpuistl_if_available.hpp>
#include <opm/common/utility/VectorWithDefaultAllocator.hpp>
 
#include <opm/material/Constants.hpp>
 
#include <opm/material/components/BrineDynamic.hpp>
#include <opm/material/components/SimpleHuDuanH2O.hpp>
#include <opm/material/components/CO2.hpp>
#include <opm/material/common/UniformTabulated2DFunction.hpp>
#include <opm/material/components/TabulatedComponent.hpp>
#include <opm/material/components/CO2Tables.hpp>
#include <opm/material/binarycoefficients/H2O_CO2.hpp>
#include <opm/material/binarycoefficients/Brine_CO2.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/BlackOilFunctions.hpp>
 
#include <opm/input/eclipse/EclipseState/Co2StoreConfig.hpp>
 
#include <cstddef>
#include <vector>
 
namespace Opm {
 
class EclipseState;
class Schedule;
class Co2StoreConfig;
class EzrokhiTable;
 
// forward declaration of the class so the function in the next namespace can be declared
template <class Scalar, template <class> class Storage>
class BrineCo2Pvt;
 
#if HAVE_CUDA
// declaration of make_view in correct namespace so friend function can be declared in the class
namespace gpuistl {
    template <class ScalarT>
    BrineCo2Pvt<ScalarT, GpuView>
    make_view(BrineCo2Pvt<ScalarT, GpuBuffer>&);
}
#endif

template <class Scalar, template <class> class Storage = Opm::VectorWithDefaultAllocator>
class BrineCo2Pvt
{
    using Params = Opm::CO2Tables<double, Storage>;
    using ContainerT = Storage<Scalar>;
    static constexpr bool extrapolate = true;
    //typedef H2O<Scalar> H2O_IAPWS;
    //typedef Brine<Scalar, H2O_IAPWS> Brine_IAPWS;
    //typedef TabulatedComponent<Scalar, H2O_IAPWS> H2O_Tabulated;
    //typedef TabulatedComponent<Scalar, Brine_IAPWS> Brine_Tabulated;
 
    //typedef H2O_Tabulated H2O;
    //typedef Brine_Tabulated Brine;
 
 
public:
    using H2O = SimpleHuDuanH2O<Scalar>;
    using Brine = ::Opm::BrineDynamic<Scalar, H2O>;
    using CO2 = ::Opm::CO2<Scalar, Params>;

    using BinaryCoeffBrineCO2 = BinaryCoeff::Brine_CO2<Scalar, H2O, CO2>;
 
    BrineCo2Pvt() = default;
 
    explicit BrineCo2Pvt(const ContainerT& salinity,
                         int activityModel = 3,
                         int thermalMixingModelSalt = 1,
                         int thermalMixingModelLiquid = 2,
                         Scalar T_ref = 288.71, //(273.15 + 15.56)
                         Scalar P_ref = 101325);
 
    BrineCo2Pvt(const ContainerT& brineReferenceDensity,
                const ContainerT& co2ReferenceDensity,
                const ContainerT& salinity,
                int activityModel,
                Co2StoreConfig::SaltMixingType thermalMixingModelSalt,
                Co2StoreConfig::LiquidMixingType thermalMixingModelLiquid,
                Params params)
                : brineReferenceDensity_(brineReferenceDensity)
                , co2ReferenceDensity_(co2ReferenceDensity)
                , salinity_(salinity)
                , activityModel_(activityModel)
                , liquidMixType_(thermalMixingModelLiquid)
                , saltMixType_(thermalMixingModelSalt)
                , co2Tables_(params)
{
}

    void initFromState(const EclipseState& eclState, const Schedule&);
 
    void setNumRegions(std::size_t numRegions);
 
    void setVapPars(const Scalar, const Scalar)
    {
    }
 
 
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE static constexpr bool isActive()
    {
        return true;
    }

    void setReferenceDensities(unsigned regionIdx,
                               Scalar rhoRefBrine,
                               Scalar rhoRefCO2,
                               Scalar /*rhoRefWater*/);

    void initEnd()
    {
    }

    void setEnableDissolvedGas(bool yesno)
    { enableDissolution_ = yesno; }

    void setEnableSaltConcentration(bool yesno)
    { enableSaltConcentration_ = yesno; }

    void setActivityModelSalt(int activityModel);

    void setThermalMixingModel(int thermalMixingModelSalt, int thermalMixingModelLiquid);
 
    void setEzrokhiDenCoeff(const std::vector<EzrokhiTable>& denaqa);
 
    void setEzrokhiViscCoeff(const std::vector<EzrokhiTable>& viscaqa);

    unsigned numRegions() const
    { return brineReferenceDensity_.size(); }
 
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Scalar hVap(unsigned ) const{
        return 0;
    }

    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation internalEnergy(unsigned regionIdx,
                              const Evaluation& temperature,
                              const Evaluation& pressure,
                              const Evaluation& Rs,
                              const Evaluation& saltConcentration) const
    {
        OPM_TIMEFUNCTION_LOCAL(Subsystem::PvtProps);
        const Evaluation salinity = salinityFromConcentration(regionIdx, temperature, pressure, saltConcentration);
        const Evaluation xlCO2 = convertRsToXoG_(Rs,regionIdx);
        return (liquidEnthalpyBrineCO2_(temperature,
                                       pressure,
                                       salinity,
                                       xlCO2)
        - pressure / density(regionIdx, temperature, pressure, Rs, salinity ));
    }

    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation internalEnergy(unsigned regionIdx,
                        const Evaluation& temperature,
                        const Evaluation& pressure,
                        const Evaluation& Rs) const
    {
        OPM_TIMEFUNCTION_LOCAL(Subsystem::PvtProps);
        const Evaluation xlCO2 = convertRsToXoG_(Rs,regionIdx);
        return (liquidEnthalpyBrineCO2_(temperature,
                                       pressure,
                                       Evaluation(salinity_[regionIdx]),
                                       xlCO2)
        - pressure / density(regionIdx, temperature, pressure, Rs, Evaluation(salinity_[regionIdx])));
    }

    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation viscosity(unsigned regionIdx,
                         const Evaluation& temperature,
                         const Evaluation& pressure,
                         const Evaluation& /*Rs*/) const
    {
        //TODO: The viscosity does not yet depend on the composition
        return saturatedViscosity(regionIdx, temperature, pressure);
    }

    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation saturatedViscosity(unsigned regionIdx,
                                 const Evaluation& temperature,
                                 const Evaluation& pressure,
                                 const Evaluation& saltConcentration) const
    {
        OPM_TIMEFUNCTION_LOCAL(Subsystem::PvtProps);
        const Evaluation salinity = salinityFromConcentration(regionIdx, temperature, pressure, saltConcentration);
        if (enableEzrokhiViscosity_) {
            const Evaluation& mu_pure = H2O::liquidViscosity(temperature, pressure, extrapolate);
            const Evaluation& nacl_exponent = ezrokhiExponent_(temperature, ezrokhiViscNaClCoeff_);
            return mu_pure * pow(10.0, nacl_exponent * salinity);
        }
        else {
            return Brine::liquidViscosity(temperature, pressure, salinity);
        }
    }

    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation viscosity(unsigned regionIdx,
                         const Evaluation& temperature,
                         const Evaluation& pressure,
                         const Evaluation& /*Rsw*/,
                         const Evaluation& saltConcentration) const
    {
        OPM_TIMEFUNCTION_LOCAL(Subsystem::PvtProps);
        //TODO: The viscosity does not yet depend on the composition
        return saturatedViscosity(regionIdx, temperature, pressure, saltConcentration);
    }

    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation saturatedViscosity(unsigned regionIdx,
                                  const Evaluation& temperature,
                                  const Evaluation& pressure) const
    {
        OPM_TIMEFUNCTION_LOCAL(Subsystem::PvtProps);
        if (enableEzrokhiViscosity_) {
            const Evaluation& mu_pure = H2O::liquidViscosity(temperature, pressure, extrapolate);
            const Evaluation& nacl_exponent = ezrokhiExponent_(temperature, ezrokhiViscNaClCoeff_);
            return mu_pure * pow(10.0, nacl_exponent * Evaluation(salinity_[regionIdx]));
        }
        else {
            return Brine::liquidViscosity(temperature, pressure, Evaluation(salinity_[regionIdx]));
        }
 
    }
 

    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation saturatedInverseFormationVolumeFactor(unsigned regionIdx,
                                                     const Evaluation& temperature,
                                                     const Evaluation& pressure,
                                                     const Evaluation& saltconcentration) const
    {
        OPM_TIMEFUNCTION_LOCAL(Subsystem::PvtProps);
        const Evaluation salinity = salinityFromConcentration(regionIdx, temperature,
                                                              pressure, saltconcentration);
        Evaluation rs_sat = rsSat(regionIdx, temperature, pressure, salinity);
        return (1.0 - convertRsToXoG_(rs_sat,regionIdx)) * density(regionIdx, temperature,
                                                                   pressure, rs_sat, salinity)
                                                         / brineReferenceDensity_[regionIdx];
    }

    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation inverseFormationVolumeFactor(unsigned regionIdx,
                                            const Evaluation& temperature,
                                            const Evaluation& pressure,
                                            const Evaluation& Rs,
                                            const Evaluation& saltConcentration) const
    {
        OPM_TIMEFUNCTION_LOCAL(Subsystem::PvtProps);
        const Evaluation salinity = salinityFromConcentration(regionIdx, temperature,
                                                              pressure, saltConcentration);
        return (1.0 - convertRsToXoG_(Rs,regionIdx)) * density(regionIdx, temperature,
                                                                pressure, Rs, salinity)
                                                     / brineReferenceDensity_[regionIdx];
    }

    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation inverseFormationVolumeFactor(unsigned regionIdx,
                                            const Evaluation& temperature,
                                            const Evaluation& pressure,
                                            const Evaluation& Rs) const
    {
        return (1.0 - convertRsToXoG_(Rs,regionIdx)) * density(regionIdx, temperature, pressure,
                                                               Rs, Evaluation(salinity_[regionIdx]))
                                                     / brineReferenceDensity_[regionIdx];
    }

    template <class FluidState, class LhsEval = typename FluidState::ValueType>
    std::pair<LhsEval, LhsEval>
    inverseFormationVolumeFactorAndViscosity(const FluidState& fluidState, unsigned regionIdx)
    {
        // Deal with the possibility that we are in a two-phase CO2STORE with OIL and GAS as phases.
        const bool waterIsActive = fluidState.phaseIsActive(FluidState::waterPhaseIdx);
        const int myPhaseIdx = waterIsActive ? FluidState::waterPhaseIdx : FluidState::oilPhaseIdx;
        const LhsEval& Rsw = waterIsActive ? decay<LhsEval>(fluidState.Rsw()) : decay<LhsEval>(fluidState.Rs());
 
        const LhsEval& T = decay<LhsEval>(fluidState.temperature(myPhaseIdx));
        const LhsEval& p = decay<LhsEval>(fluidState.pressure(myPhaseIdx));
        const LhsEval& saltConcentration
            = BlackOil::template getSaltConcentration_<FluidState, LhsEval>(fluidState, regionIdx);
        // TODO: The viscosity does not yet depend on the composition
        return { this->inverseFormationVolumeFactor(regionIdx, T, p, Rsw, saltConcentration) ,
                this->saturatedViscosity(regionIdx, T, p, saltConcentration) };
    }

    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation saturatedInverseFormationVolumeFactor(unsigned regionIdx,
                                                     const Evaluation& temperature,
                                                     const Evaluation& pressure) const
    {
        OPM_TIMEFUNCTION_LOCAL(Subsystem::PvtProps);
        Evaluation rs_sat = rsSat(regionIdx, temperature, pressure, Evaluation(salinity_[regionIdx]));
        return (1.0 - convertRsToXoG_(rs_sat,regionIdx)) * density(regionIdx, temperature, pressure,
                                                                    rs_sat, Evaluation(salinity_[regionIdx]))
                                                         / brineReferenceDensity_[regionIdx];
    }

    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation saturationPressure(unsigned /*regionIdx*/,
                                  const Evaluation& /*temperature*/,
                                  const Evaluation& /*Rs*/) const
    {
#if OPM_IS_INSIDE_DEVICE_FUNCTION
        assert(false && "Requested the saturation pressure for the brine-co2 pvt module. Not yet implemented.");
#else
        throw std::runtime_error("Requested the saturation pressure for the brine-co2 pvt module. "
                                 "Not yet implemented.");
#endif
    }

    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation saturationPressure(unsigned /*regionIdx*/,
                                  const Evaluation& /*temperature*/,
                                  const Evaluation& /*Rs*/,
                                  const Evaluation& /*saltConcentration*/) const
    {
#if OPM_IS_INSIDE_DEVICE_FUNCTION
        assert(false && "Requested the saturation pressure for the brine-co2 pvt module. Not yet implemented.");
#else
        throw std::runtime_error("Requested the saturation pressure for the brine-co2 pvt module. "
                                 "Not yet implemented.");
#endif
    }

    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation saturatedGasDissolutionFactor(unsigned regionIdx,
                                             const Evaluation& temperature,
                                             const Evaluation& pressure,
                                             const Evaluation& /*oilSaturation*/,
                                             const Evaluation& /*maxOilSaturation*/) const
    {
        //TODO support VAPPARS
        return rsSat(regionIdx, temperature, pressure, Evaluation(salinity_[regionIdx]));
    }

    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation saturatedGasDissolutionFactor(unsigned regionIdx,
                                             const Evaluation& temperature,
                                             const Evaluation& pressure,
                                             const Evaluation& saltConcentration) const
    {
        const Evaluation salinity = salinityFromConcentration(regionIdx, temperature,
                                                              pressure, saltConcentration);
        return rsSat(regionIdx, temperature, pressure, salinity);
    }

    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation saturatedGasDissolutionFactor(unsigned regionIdx,
                                             const Evaluation& temperature,
                                             const Evaluation& pressure) const
    {
        return rsSat(regionIdx, temperature, pressure, Evaluation(salinity_[regionIdx]));
    }
 
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Scalar oilReferenceDensity(unsigned regionIdx) const
    { return brineReferenceDensity_[regionIdx]; }
 
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Scalar waterReferenceDensity(unsigned regionIdx) const
    { return brineReferenceDensity_[regionIdx]; }
 
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Scalar gasReferenceDensity(unsigned regionIdx) const
    { return co2ReferenceDensity_[regionIdx]; }
 
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Scalar salinity(unsigned regionIdx) const
    { return salinity_[regionIdx]; }
 
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE const ContainerT& getBrineReferenceDensity() const
    { return brineReferenceDensity_; }
 
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE const ContainerT& getCo2ReferenceDensity() const
    { return co2ReferenceDensity_; }
 
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE const ContainerT& getSalinity() const
    { return salinity_; }
 
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE const Params& getParams() const
    { return co2Tables_; }
 
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Co2StoreConfig::SaltMixingType getThermalMixingModelSalt() const
    { return saltMixType_; }
 
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Co2StoreConfig::LiquidMixingType getThermalMixingModelLiquid() const
    { return liquidMixType_; }
 
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE int getActivityModel() const
    { return activityModel_; }
 
    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation diffusionCoefficient(const Evaluation& temperature,
                                    const Evaluation& pressure,
                                    unsigned /*compIdx*/,
                                    unsigned regionIdx = 0) const
    {
        OPM_TIMEFUNCTION_LOCAL(Subsystem::PvtProps);
        // Diffusion coefficient of CO2 in pure water according to
        // (McLachlan and Danckwerts, 1972)
        const Evaluation log_D_H20 = -4.1764 + 712.52 / temperature
                                     -2.5907e5 / (temperature * temperature);
 
        // Diffusion coefficient of CO2 in the brine phase modified following
        // (Ratcliff and Holdcroft,1963 and Al-Rawajfeh, 2004)
 
        // Water viscosity
        const Evaluation& mu_H20 = H2O::liquidViscosity(temperature, pressure, extrapolate);
        Evaluation mu_Brine;
        if (enableEzrokhiViscosity_) {
            const Evaluation& nacl_exponent = ezrokhiExponent_(temperature,
                                                               ezrokhiViscNaClCoeff_);
            mu_Brine = mu_H20 * pow(10.0, nacl_exponent * Evaluation(salinity_[regionIdx]));
        }
        else {
            // Brine viscosity
            mu_Brine = Brine::liquidViscosity(temperature, pressure, Evaluation(salinity_[regionIdx]));
        }
        const Evaluation log_D_Brine = log_D_H20 - 0.87*log10(mu_Brine / mu_H20);
 
        return pow(Evaluation(10), log_D_Brine) * 1e-4; // convert from cm2/s to m2/s
    }
 
    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation density(unsigned regionIdx,
                       const Evaluation& temperature,
                       const Evaluation& pressure,
                       const Evaluation& Rs,
                       const Evaluation& salinity) const
    {
        OPM_TIMEFUNCTION_LOCAL(Subsystem::PvtProps);
        Evaluation xlCO2 = convertXoGToxoG_(convertRsToXoG_(Rs,regionIdx), salinity);
        Evaluation result = liquidDensity_(temperature,
                                        pressure,
                                        xlCO2,
                                        salinity);
 
        Valgrind::CheckDefined(result);
        return result;
    }
 
    template <class Evaluation>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE Evaluation rsSat(unsigned regionIdx,
                     const Evaluation& temperature,
                     const Evaluation& pressure,
                     const Evaluation& salinity) const
    {
        OPM_TIMEFUNCTION_LOCAL(Subsystem::PvtProps);
        if (!enableDissolution_) {
            return 0.0;
        }
 
        // calulate the equilibrium composition for the given
        // temperature and pressure.
        Evaluation xgH2O;
        Evaluation xlCO2;
        BinaryCoeffBrineCO2::calculateMoleFractions(co2Tables_,
                                                    temperature,
                                                    pressure,
                                                    salinity,
                                                    /*knownPhaseIdx=*/-1,
                                                    xlCO2,
                                                    xgH2O,
                                                    activityModel_,
                                                    extrapolate);
 
        // normalize the phase compositions
        xlCO2 = max(0.0, min(1.0, xlCO2));
 
        return convertXoGToRs(convertxoGToXoG(xlCO2, salinity), regionIdx);
    }
 
private:
    template <class LhsEval>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE LhsEval ezrokhiExponent_(const LhsEval& temperature,
                             const ContainerT& ezrokhiCoeff) const
    {
        const LhsEval& tempC = temperature - 273.15;
        return ezrokhiCoeff[0] + tempC * (ezrokhiCoeff[1] + ezrokhiCoeff[2] * tempC);
    }
 
    template <class LhsEval>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE LhsEval liquidDensity_(const LhsEval& T,
                           const LhsEval& pl,
                           const LhsEval& xlCO2,
                           const LhsEval& salinity) const
    {
        OPM_TIMEFUNCTION_LOCAL(Subsystem::PvtProps);
        Valgrind::CheckDefined(T);
        Valgrind::CheckDefined(pl);
        Valgrind::CheckDefined(xlCO2);
 
        if (!extrapolate && T < 273.15) {
#if OPM_IS_INSIDE_DEVICE_FUNCTION
            assert(false && "Liquid density for Brine and CO2 is only defined above 273.15K");
#else
            const std::string msg =
                "Liquid density for Brine and CO2 is only "
                "defined above 273.15K (is " +
                std::to_string(getValue(T)) + "K)";
            throw NumericalProblem(msg);
#endif
        }
        if (!extrapolate && pl >= 2.5e8) {
#if OPM_IS_INSIDE_DEVICE_FUNCTION
            assert(false && "Liquid density for Brine and CO2 is only defined below 250MPa");
#else
            const std::string msg  =
                "Liquid density for Brine and CO2 is only "
                "defined below 250MPa (is " +
                std::to_string(getValue(pl)) + "Pa)";
            throw NumericalProblem(msg);
#endif
        }
 
        const LhsEval& rho_pure = H2O::liquidDensity(T, pl, extrapolate);
        if (enableEzrokhiDensity_) {
            const LhsEval& nacl_exponent = ezrokhiExponent_(T, ezrokhiDenNaClCoeff_);
            const LhsEval& co2_exponent = ezrokhiExponent_(T, ezrokhiDenCo2Coeff_);
            const LhsEval& XCO2 = convertxoGToXoG(xlCO2, salinity);
            return rho_pure * pow(10.0, nacl_exponent * salinity + co2_exponent * XCO2);
        }
        else {
            const LhsEval& rho_brine = Brine::liquidDensity(T, pl, salinity, rho_pure);
            const LhsEval& rho_lCO2 = liquidDensityWaterCO2_(T, xlCO2, rho_pure);
            const LhsEval& contribCO2 = rho_lCO2 - rho_pure;
            return rho_brine + contribCO2;
        }
    }
 
    template <class LhsEval>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE LhsEval liquidDensityWaterCO2_(const LhsEval& temperature,
                                                   const LhsEval& xlCO2,
                                                   const LhsEval& rho_pure) const
    {
        OPM_TIMEFUNCTION_LOCAL(Subsystem::PvtProps);
        Scalar M_CO2 = CO2::molarMass();
        Scalar M_H2O = H2O::molarMass();
 
        const LhsEval& tempC = temperature - 273.15;        /* tempC : temperature in °C */
        // calculate the mole fraction of CO2 in the liquid. note that xlH2O is available
        // as a function parameter, but in the case of a pure gas phase the value of M_T
        // for the virtual liquid phase can become very large
        const LhsEval xlH2O = 1.0 - xlCO2;
        const LhsEval& M_T = M_H2O * xlH2O + M_CO2 * xlCO2;
        const LhsEval& V_phi =
            (37.51 +
             tempC*(-9.585e-2 +
                    tempC*(8.74e-4 -
                           tempC*5.044e-7))) / 1.0e6;
        return 1 / (xlCO2 * V_phi/M_T + M_H2O * xlH2O / (rho_pure * M_T));
    }

    template <class LhsEval>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE LhsEval convertRsToXoG_(const LhsEval& Rs, unsigned regionIdx) const
    {
        OPM_TIMEFUNCTION_LOCAL(Subsystem::PvtProps);
        Scalar rho_oRef = brineReferenceDensity_[regionIdx];
        Scalar rho_gRef = co2ReferenceDensity_[regionIdx];
 
        const LhsEval& rho_oG = Rs*rho_gRef;
        return rho_oG/(rho_oRef + rho_oG);
    }

    template <class LhsEval>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE LhsEval convertXoGToxoG_(const LhsEval& XoG, const LhsEval& salinity) const
    {
        OPM_TIMEFUNCTION_LOCAL(Subsystem::PvtProps);
        Scalar M_CO2 = CO2::molarMass();
        LhsEval M_Brine = Brine::molarMass(salinity);
        return XoG*M_Brine / (M_CO2*(1 - XoG) + XoG*M_Brine);
    }

    template <class LhsEval>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE LhsEval convertxoGToXoG(const LhsEval& xoG, const LhsEval& salinity) const
    {
        OPM_TIMEBLOCK_LOCAL(convertxoGToXoG, Subsystem::PvtProps);
        Scalar M_CO2 = CO2::molarMass();
        LhsEval M_Brine = Brine::molarMass(salinity);
 
        return xoG*M_CO2 / (xoG*(M_CO2 - M_Brine) + M_Brine);
    }

    template <class LhsEval>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE LhsEval convertXoGToRs(const LhsEval& XoG, unsigned regionIdx) const
    {
        Scalar rho_oRef = brineReferenceDensity_[regionIdx];
        Scalar rho_gRef = co2ReferenceDensity_[regionIdx];
 
        return XoG/(1.0 - XoG)*(rho_oRef/rho_gRef);
    }
 
    template <class LhsEval>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE LhsEval liquidEnthalpyBrineCO2_(const LhsEval& T,
                                    const LhsEval& p,
                                    const LhsEval& salinity,
                                    const LhsEval& X_CO2_w) const
    {
        if (liquidMixType_ == Co2StoreConfig::LiquidMixingType::NONE
            && saltMixType_ == Co2StoreConfig::SaltMixingType::NONE)
        {
            return H2O::liquidEnthalpy(T, p);
        }
 
        LhsEval hw = H2O::liquidEnthalpy(T, p) /1E3; /* kJ/kg */
        LhsEval h_ls1 = hw;
        // Use mixing model for salt by MICHAELIDES
        if (saltMixType_ == Co2StoreConfig::SaltMixingType::MICHAELIDES) {
 
            /* X_CO2_w : mass fraction of CO2 in brine */
 
            /* same function as enthalpy_brine, only extended by CO2 content */
 
            /*Numerical coefficents from PALLISER*/
            static constexpr Scalar f[] = {
                2.63500E-1, 7.48368E-6, 1.44611E-6, -3.80860E-10
            };
 
            /*Numerical coefficents from MICHAELIDES for the enthalpy of brine*/
            static constexpr Scalar a[4][3] = {
                { 9633.6, -4080.0, +286.49 },
                { +166.58, +68.577, -4.6856 },
                { -0.90963, -0.36524, +0.249667E-1 },
                { +0.17965E-2, +0.71924E-3, -0.4900E-4 }
            };
 
            LhsEval theta, h_NaCl;
            LhsEval d_h, delta_h;
 
            theta = T - 273.15;
 
            // Regularization
            Scalar scalarTheta = scalarValue(theta);
            Scalar S_lSAT = f[0] + scalarTheta*(f[1] + scalarTheta*(f[2] + scalarTheta*f[3]));
 
            LhsEval S = salinity;
            if (S > S_lSAT)
                S = S_lSAT;
 
            /*DAUBERT and DANNER*/
            /*U=*/h_NaCl = (3.6710E4*T + 0.5*(6.2770E1)*T*T - ((6.6670E-2)/3)*T*T*T
                            +((2.8000E-5)/4)*(T*T*T*T))/(58.44E3)- 2.045698e+02; /* kJ/kg */
 
            LhsEval m = 1E3 / 58.44 * S / (1 - S);
            d_h = 0;
 
            for (int i = 0; i <=3; ++i) {
                for (int j = 0;  j <= 2; ++j) {
                    d_h += a[i][j] * pow(theta, static_cast<Scalar>(i)) * pow(m, j);
                }
            }
            /* heat of dissolution for halite according to Michaelides 1971 */
            delta_h = (4.184/(1E3 + (58.44 * m)))*d_h;
 
            /* Enthalpy of brine without CO2 */
            h_ls1 =(1-S)*hw + S*h_NaCl + S*delta_h; /* kJ/kg */
 
            // Use Enthalpy of brine without CO2
            if (liquidMixType_ == Co2StoreConfig::LiquidMixingType::NONE) {
                return h_ls1*1E3;
            }
        }
 
        LhsEval delta_hCO2, hg;
        /* heat of dissolution for CO2 according to Fig. 6 in Duan and Sun 2003. (kJ/kg)
           In the relevant temperature ranges CO2 dissolution is
           exothermal */
        if (liquidMixType_ == Co2StoreConfig::LiquidMixingType::DUANSUN) {
            delta_hCO2 = (-57.4375 + T * 0.1325) * 1000/44;
        }
        else {
            delta_hCO2 = 0.0;
        }
 
        /* enthalpy contribution of CO2 (kJ/kg) */
        hg = CO2::gasEnthalpy(co2Tables_, T, p, extrapolate)/1E3 + delta_hCO2;
 
        /* Enthalpy of brine with dissolved CO2 */
        return (h_ls1 - X_CO2_w*hw + hg*X_CO2_w)*1E3; /*J/kg*/
    }
 
    template <class LhsEval>
    OPM_HOST_DEVICE const LhsEval salinityFromConcentration(unsigned regionIdx,
                                            const LhsEval&T,
                                            const LhsEval& P,
                                            const LhsEval& saltConcentration) const
    {
        if (enableSaltConcentration_) {
            // Convert concentration [kg/m³] to mass fraction [kg_salt/kg_solution].
            // First approximation using pure water density
            const LhsEval rho_w = H2O::liquidDensity(T, P, true);
            const LhsEval S_approx = saltConcentration / rho_w;
            // Improved estimate using Batzle-Wang brine density
            const LhsEval rho_brine = Brine::liquidDensity(T, P, S_approx, rho_w);
            return saltConcentration / rho_brine;
        }
 
        return salinity(regionIdx);
    }
 
    #if HAVE_CUDA
    template <class ScalarT>
    friend BrineCo2Pvt<ScalarT, gpuistl::GpuView>
    gpuistl::make_view(BrineCo2Pvt<ScalarT, gpuistl::GpuBuffer>&);
    #endif
 
    ContainerT brineReferenceDensity_{};
    ContainerT co2ReferenceDensity_{};
    ContainerT salinity_{};
    ContainerT ezrokhiDenNaClCoeff_{};
    ContainerT ezrokhiDenCo2Coeff_{};
    ContainerT ezrokhiViscNaClCoeff_{};
    bool enableEzrokhiDensity_ = false;
    bool enableEzrokhiViscosity_ = false;
    bool enableDissolution_ = true;
    bool enableSaltConcentration_ = false;
    int activityModel_{};
    Co2StoreConfig::LiquidMixingType liquidMixType_{};
    Co2StoreConfig::SaltMixingType saltMixType_{};
    Params co2Tables_;
};
 
} // namespace Opm
 
#if HAVE_CUDA
namespace Opm::gpuistl
{
 
    template<class ScalarT>
    BrineCo2Pvt<ScalarT, GpuBuffer>
    copy_to_gpu(const BrineCo2Pvt<ScalarT>& cpuBrineCo2)
    {
        return BrineCo2Pvt<ScalarT, GpuBuffer>(
            GpuBuffer<ScalarT>(cpuBrineCo2.getBrineReferenceDensity()),
            GpuBuffer<ScalarT>(cpuBrineCo2.getCo2ReferenceDensity()),
            GpuBuffer<ScalarT>(cpuBrineCo2.getSalinity()),
            cpuBrineCo2.getActivityModel(),
            cpuBrineCo2.getThermalMixingModelSalt(),
            cpuBrineCo2.getThermalMixingModelLiquid(),
            copy_to_gpu(cpuBrineCo2.getParams())
        );
    }
 
    template <class ScalarT>
    BrineCo2Pvt<ScalarT, GpuView>
    make_view(BrineCo2Pvt<ScalarT, GpuBuffer>& brineCo2Pvt)
    {
 
        using ContainedType = ScalarT;
 
        auto newBrineReferenceDensity = make_view<ContainedType>(brineCo2Pvt.brineReferenceDensity_);
        auto newGasReferenceDensity = make_view<ContainedType>(brineCo2Pvt.co2ReferenceDensity_);
        auto newSalinity = make_view<ContainedType>(brineCo2Pvt.salinity_);
 
        return BrineCo2Pvt<ScalarT, GpuView>(
            newBrineReferenceDensity,
            newGasReferenceDensity,
            newSalinity,
            brineCo2Pvt.getActivityModel(),
            brineCo2Pvt.getThermalMixingModelSalt(),
            brineCo2Pvt.getThermalMixingModelLiquid(),
            make_view(brineCo2Pvt.co2Tables_)
        );
    }
} // namespace Opm::gpuistl
#endif // HAVE_CUDA
 
#endif